How to Register Your Pharmaceuticals Company in Bangladesh
Overview of the Pharmaceutical Industry in Bangladesh
Pharmaceutical manufacturing in Bangladesh has emerged as one of the country’s largest capital-intensive and technologically advanced industries. Over the past few decades, the sector has experienced exponential growth, producing life-saving medications such as insulin, hormones, and cancer drugs. These products fulfill 98% of the local market’s medical requirements, while exports continue to grow, achieving a 27% increase in earnings annually. Favorable factors, including inexpensive labor, readily available raw materials, World Trade Organization (WTO) policies, and a skilled workforce, make Bangladesh an attractive destination for pharmaceutical investments.
This guide provides a step-by-step process for setting up a pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh, highlighting regulatory requirements, legal frameworks, and compliance considerations.
Steps to Register a Pharmaceutical Company
1. Choose a Business Structure
The first step is to decide on the structure of your business. In Bangladesh, pharmaceutical businesses can operate as:
Private Limited Company: Requires at least two shareholders and restricts public share offerings.
Public Limited Company: Requires a minimum of seven shareholders and can issue shares to the public.
Branch Office: Suitable for foreign companies looking to establish a presence.
Most investors opt for a Private Limited Company due to its flexibility and minimal regulatory burdens.
2. Obtain Name Clearance
Before registering your company, secure a name clearance from the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms (RJSC). This ensures the uniqueness of your company name and avoids future disputes.
3. Prepare and Submit Required Documents
Draft and sign the following documents:
Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA)
Form I: Declaration on Registration of Company
Form VI: Notice of Situation of Registered Office
Form IX: Consent of Director to Act
Form X: List of Personal Consenting to Be Directors
Form XII: Particulars of Directors, Manager, and Managing Agents
You will also need:
National IDs (for Bangladeshi nationals) or passports (for foreign nationals) of shareholders and directors
Tax Identification Numbers (TIN) for Bangladeshi nationals
Bank encashment certificates for foreign investments
4. Open a Temporary Bank Account
Open a temporary bank account in the name of the proposed company. Shareholders must deposit the initial paid-up capital into this account. For foreign investors, the remitted funds must be converted into Bangladeshi Taka, and an encashment certificate must be obtained.
5. Submit Documents to RJSC
Submit all necessary documents, along with the government registration fees, to the RJSC. Upon approval, you will receive a Certificate of Incorporation.
6. Post-Incorporation Tasks
After incorporation, complete additional tasks, including:
Obtaining a Trade License from the local City Corporation
Registering with the National Board of Revenue (NBR) for VAT and TIN certificates
Opening a permanent bank account
Licensing and Approvals for Pharmaceutical Companies
In addition to company registration, pharmaceutical businesses require several licenses and approvals:
1. Drug License
Issued by the Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA), this license is mandatory for manufacturing and selling pharmaceuticals. Submit the following documents:
Application form
Certificate of Incorporation
MOA and AOA
Trade License
Factory layout approval
Environmental Clearance Certificate
Details of equipment and manufacturing processes
2. Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC)
Pharmaceutical companies must secure an ECC from the Department of Environment. The application requires:
Project profile
Site clearance certificate
Factory layout and design
Environmental impact assessment report
3. Fire License
Obtain a Fire License from the Fire Service and Civil Defense (FSCD) to ensure safety standards. Required documents include:
Application form
Building layout plan
NOC from local authorities
4. Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) Certification
For quality assurance, pharmaceutical products must meet BSTI standards. Apply for the Certification of Marks (CM) License with:
Application form
Product specifications
Factory inspection reports
5. Factory License
The Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments (DIFE) issues factory licenses. Submit the following:
Application form
Trade License
Factory layout approval
Worker safety measures documentation
Additional Licenses and Memberships
To operate smoothly, pharmaceutical companies must also obtain:
Import Registration Certificate (IRC) and Export Registration Certificate (ERC): For importing raw materials and exporting finished products.
Trademark Registration: Protect your brand identity by registering with the Department of Patents, Designs, and Trademarks (DPDT).
Membership in Industry Associations: Join the Bangladesh Association of Pharmaceutical Industries (BAPI) to access industry resources and networking opportunities.
Compliance and Legal Considerations
1. Labor Law Compliance
The Bangladesh Labor Act, 2006, governs employment relationships, ensuring worker rights, safety, and welfare. Key considerations include:
Drafting employment agreements
Adhering to minimum wage regulations
Providing maternity and health benefits
2. Foreign Investment Regulations
Foreign investors enjoy full protection under the Foreign Private Investment (Promotion & Protection) Act, 1980. This includes rights to:
Non-discriminatory treatment
Repatriate profits and capital
3. Contractual Agreements
Ensure all contracts with suppliers, distributors, and partners comply with the Contract Act, 1872. Include force majeure clauses to address unforeseen disruptions.
4. Annual Filing Requirements
Comply with annual filing obligations, including:
Updating trade licenses
Renewing IRC and ERC
Submitting tax returns
Filing financial statements with RJSC
5. Property Acquisition
For factory setup, adhere to property laws, including the Registration Act, 1908 and Transfer of Property Act, 1882. Conduct land vetting to avoid disputes.
Challenges in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Despite its growth potential, the pharmaceutical sector in Bangladesh faces challenges such as:
Regulatory complexities
High competition
Maintaining quality standards
Export barriers due to differing international regulations
Why Choose TRW Law Firm?
TRW Law Firm specializes in guiding entrepreneurs and investors through the intricacies of pharmaceutical company registration in Bangladesh. Our services include:
End-to-end support for company incorporation
Assistance with licensing and approvals
Drafting and reviewing legal documents
Ensuring compliance with labor, tax, and environmental laws
Resolving disputes and providing legal representation
With a deep understanding of the pharmaceutical industry and Bangladeshi regulations, we ensure a seamless experience for our clients.
Conclusion
Establishing a pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh offers immense opportunities, given the industry’s growth trajectory and favorable investment climate. However, navigating the legal and regulatory requirements demands careful planning and expert guidance. By partnering with TRW Law Firm, you can focus on growing your business while we handle the legal complexities.
Summary Table of Requirements
Step
Details
Business Structure Selection
Choose between Private Limited, Public Limited, or Branch Office.
Name Clearance
Obtain from RJSC.
Document Preparation
Draft MOA, AOA, and required RJSC forms.
Bank Account
Open temporary account and deposit paid-up capital.
Company Registration
Submit documents to RJSC and obtain Certificate of Incorporation.
Licensing
Secure Drug License, ECC, Fire License, BSTI Certification, and Factory License.
Additional Approvals
Obtain IRC, ERC, Trademark Registration, and industry memberships.
Compliance
Adhere to labor laws, tax filings, and property regulations.
TRW Law Firm Services
Comprehensive support for incorporation, compliance, and legal issues.
For a hassle-free registration and legal process, consult TRW Law Firm today!
Divorce rates have surged in Bangladesh over the past few years, impacting countless families. Navigating through this challenging phase requires a clear understanding of the divorce process, which varies based on religious beliefs and gender. At TRW Law Firm, we aim to provide comprehensive guidance to help individuals and families manage this difficult time with clarity and confidence. This article delves into the intricacies of divorce in Bangladesh, covering Islamic, Hindu, Christian, and secular perspectives.
Divorce Under Islamic Law in Bangladesh
Islamic law provides a well-defined structure for divorce, encompassing detailed provisions to ensure fairness. The process varies significantly for Muslim men and women due to distinct rights and obligations established by Sharia and Bangladeshi regulations.
Divorce for a Muslim Man
For a Muslim man, initiating a divorce is a straightforward process called Talaq. The husband can convey his intention to divorce either verbally or in writing. Key aspects of this process include:
► Notice to the Wife: The husband must inform the wife of his decision to divorce.
► Notification to the Local Chairman: Bangladeshi law mandates that a notice of divorce be submitted to the local Union Parishad chairman. The 90-day waiting period begins from the date this notice is filed.
► Waiting Period: If no reconciliation occurs within 90 days, the divorce becomes effective. An exception applies if the wife is pregnant, in which case the divorce takes effect only after the child’s birth.
This process ensures that the decision is deliberate and provides an opportunity for reconciliation.
Divorce for a Muslim Woman
A Muslim woman’s right to divorce depends on whether this right was delegated to her by her husband in the Kabin Nama (the marriage contract). If this right exists, she can follow the Talaq procedure. Otherwise, she must seek a judicial decree for divorce on specific grounds, including:
► Abuse or cruelty by the husband. ► Failure to consummate the marriage within three years. ► The husband’s imprisonment for over seven years. ► Failure to provide maintenance. ► The husband’s desertion or other valid reasons.
In such cases, the court issues a decree, and the marriage is dissolved after six months from the decree’s issuance.
Divorce Under Hindu Law in Bangladesh
Hindu personal laws do not traditionally recognize divorce, as marriage is considered a sacred and indissoluble bond. However, modern legal frameworks provide avenues for separation in exceptional circumstances.
Grounds for Separation
A Hindu wife can seek separation and maintenance if the husband:
► Suffers from a severe disease not caused by the wife. ► Marries another woman. ► Converts to a religion other than Hinduism. ► Keeps a mistress or engages in immoral conduct. ► Subjects the wife to mistreatment or cruelty.
Divorce Through the Courts
Hindu couples can file for divorce in court, allowing both parties to present their cases. The court evaluates the evidence and decides whether to grant or deny the divorce petition. This judicial process ensures fairness and adherence to legal standards.
Divorce Under Christian Law in Bangladesh
The process of divorce under Christian law in Bangladesh is governed by the Divorce Act, 1869. Unlike Islamic law, divorce under Christian law requires judicial intervention.
Grounds for Divorce
A spouse seeking divorce must prove one or more of the following:
► Adultery committed by the other spouse. ► Incapacity for sexual relations. ► Declaration of lunacy by a competent authority. ► Bigamy (previous marriage still active during the current marriage).
Judicial Process
The court thoroughly examines the evidence presented by the petitioner. If the claims are substantiated, the court may grant the divorce. Both parties are required to adhere to the court’s decisions, including provisions for alimony, child custody, and property division.
Divorce Under the Special Marriage Act, 1872
The Special Marriage Act, 1872, facilitates marriages between individuals who do not subscribe to traditional religious norms. Couples married under this act must follow the provisions of the Divorce Act, 1869, for dissolution of marriage.
Grounds for Divorce
The grounds for divorce under this act vary slightly for husbands and wives:
► Husbands: A husband can file for divorce if the wife has committed adultery. ► Wives: A wife can file for divorce on the grounds of adultery, rape, sodomy, bestiality, bigamy, or desertion accompanied by cruelty.
Judicial Requirements
The petitioner must provide substantial evidence supporting their claims. The court’s judgment will depend on the authenticity of the evidence and the circumstances of the case.
Challenges and Emotional Impact of Divorce
Divorce often begins with emotional turmoil, affecting individuals and their families. Common challenges include:
► Emotional Stress: Divorce disrupts the harmony of family life, causing emotional strain on all parties involved, especially children. ► Legal Complexity: Understanding and adhering to the procedural requirements can be overwhelming. ► Social Stigma: In Bangladeshi society, divorce often carries a social stigma, adding to the challenges faced by individuals.
The Role of TRW Law Firm in Divorce Cases
At TRW Law Firm, we understand that every divorce case is unique. Our experienced legal team provides personalized guidance to ensure our clients navigate the legal process with confidence. We offer:
► Expert Consultation: Comprehensive advice tailored to individual circumstances. ► Representation in Court: Professional advocacy to protect clients’ rights. ► Conflict Resolution: Assistance in resolving disputes amicably, where possible. ► Child Custody and Support: Guidance on securing favorable outcomes for children.
Conclusion
Divorce is a life-altering decision that requires careful consideration and understanding of the legal framework. The procedures vary significantly based on religious affiliations and personal circumstances, making expert legal advice indispensable. TRW Law Firm is committed to providing compassionate and professional support to individuals navigating the complexities of divorce in Bangladesh.
Summary Table of Divorce Processes in Bangladesh
Category
Details
Islamic Law (Talaq for Men)
Verbal or written notice to wife and local chairman; effective after 90 days (or childbirth if wife is pregnant).
Islamic Law (Women’s Rights)
Divorce through Talaq if delegated in Kabin Nama; court decree required otherwise, effective after six months.
Hindu Law
No traditional divorce; separation possible for specific grounds like bigamy or cruelty; judicial divorce available.
Christian Law
Court-ordered divorce for grounds like adultery, incapacity, lunacy, or bigamy.
Special Marriage Act, 1872
Divorce through court; grounds vary for husbands (adultery) and wives (adultery, cruelty, desertion, etc.).
Common Challenges
Emotional stress, legal complexity, and societal stigma.
TRW Law Firm Services
Expert consultation, court representation, conflict resolution, and child custody support.
At TRW Law Firm, we are here to guide you through every step of the divorce process, ensuring your rights are safeguarded and your future is secure.
Selling a factory in Bangladesh is a significant business decision, often influenced by factors like retirement, the opportunity to capitalize on a profitable venture, or the desire to shift focus to new ventures. Regardless of the motivation, ensuring a smooth sale and securing the best possible deal require careful planning, compliance with legal frameworks, and strategic execution.
This article outlines a comprehensive guide tailored to the Bangladeshi context to help you successfully sell your manufacturing facility. From valuing your factory to closing the sale, we will walk you through every step of the process.
Why Sell Your Factory?
Factories form the backbone of Bangladesh’s industrial growth, especially in sectors like textiles, garments, pharmaceuticals, and food processing. Owners may decide to sell their factory for various reasons: ➔ Retirement and succession planning. ➔ Profit realization due to increasing market value. ➔ Pivoting to other business ventures. ➔ Managing debts or financial difficulties.
Regardless of your reason, a successful sale hinges on understanding your factory’s market value and ensuring compliance with relevant legal, financial, and operational procedures.
Step-by-Step Guide to Selling a Factory in Bangladesh
Step 1: Organize Your Financial Records
Before listing your factory for sale, ensure your financial records are accurate, transparent, and up-to-date. Buyers will scrutinize: ➔ Balance sheets, profit-and-loss statements, and cash flow records. ➔ Tax filings and VAT compliance documents. ➔ Records of debts, loans, and outstanding liabilities.
Well-organized financial documentation builds trust with potential buyers and can significantly speed up the sale process.
Step 2: Value Your Factory
Valuing your manufacturing business is crucial for determining a competitive and realistic asking price. A valuation typically considers: ➔ Tangible assets: Machinery, equipment, real estate, and inventory. ➔ Intangible assets: Brand reputation, patents, client contracts, and intellectual property. ➔ Revenue streams: Current profits and potential for future growth.
You can hire a professional appraiser or valuation firm with experience in Bangladeshi industries to ensure accuracy. TRW Law Firm can assist in selecting reputable valuation experts to determine a fair market price for your factory.
Step 3: Prepare the Factory for Sale
Presentation matters. A factory in good condition is more likely to attract buyers and command a higher price. Consider: ➔ Repairing equipment and addressing maintenance issues. ➔ Cleaning and organizing the premises. ➔ Updating safety certifications and environmental compliance documents.
These measures demonstrate to buyers that your facility is a well-maintained and functional operation.
Step 4: Assemble a Professional Team
Selling a factory is a complex process requiring expertise in law, finance, and real estate. Assemble a team that includes: ➔ Legal advisors: To ensure compliance with Bangladeshi laws, including the Transfer of Property Act 1882 and the Companies Act 1994. ➔ Accountants: To handle tax implications and financial reporting. ➔ Real estate agents: If the sale involves the property.
TRW Law Firm offers end-to-end legal support for factory sales, ensuring seamless compliance with all legal frameworks.
Step 5: Develop a Sale Strategy
Decide whether to sell the business as a whole or its assets individually. Key factors include: ➔ Whether the buyer is interested in acquiring the factory as a going concern or specific assets like machinery. ➔ The nature of liabilities, if any, attached to the business. ➔ Market demand for the type of manufacturing your factory engages in.
Your strategy should also include confidentiality agreements to protect sensitive information during negotiations.
Step 6: Identify Potential Buyers
Finding the right buyer is critical. In Bangladesh, potential buyers can include: ➔ Local entrepreneurs or industrialists seeking expansion. ➔ Foreign investors looking to enter Bangladesh’s manufacturing sector. ➔ Competitors interested in acquiring assets or market share.
Platforms like industry trade associations, professional networks, and online marketplaces can help identify serious buyers.
Step 7: Negotiate the Deal
Once a buyer expresses interest, negotiations begin. Focus on: ➔ Price: Based on your factory’s valuation and market conditions. ➔ Payment terms: Full payment upfront, installments, or performance-based payouts. ➔ Conditions of sale: Include warranties, liabilities, and non-compete clauses.
Legal expertise is crucial here. TRW Law Firm can assist in drafting and reviewing contracts to safeguard your interests.
Step 8: Due Diligence by the Buyer
Expect the buyer to conduct due diligence to verify the factory’s legal, financial, and operational status. Prepare for scrutiny of: ➔ Property ownership and title deeds. ➔ Environmental compliance, labor law adherence, and tax filings. ➔ Supplier and client contracts.
Providing transparent and well-organized documentation builds buyer confidence and can prevent delays.
Step 9: Close the Sale
The final step involves transferring ownership and completing the legal formalities. In Bangladesh, this includes: ➔ Drafting a sale agreement detailing the terms of the sale. ➔ Paying applicable taxes, such as capital gains tax and property registration fees. ➔ Registering the ownership transfer with relevant authorities.
TRW Law Firm ensures all legal paperwork is executed correctly, mitigating the risk of post-sale disputes.
Key Legal Considerations in Bangladesh
1. Ownership and Title Verification
Confirm that all ownership documents, such as title deeds and property tax records, are up-to-date and legally valid. Issues like disputed ownership or encumbrances can derail the sale process.
2. Labor Laws and Employee Rights
Ensure compliance with the Bangladesh Labour Act 2006. Any outstanding wages, gratuities, or employee benefits must be settled before the sale. Discuss whether employees will be retained under new ownership or compensated appropriately.
3. Environmental Compliance
Factories in Bangladesh must comply with environmental regulations, including obtaining clearance certificates from the Department of Environment. Non-compliance can lead to penalties or delays in the sale.
4. Tax Implications
Work with tax advisors to calculate and pay applicable taxes. These may include: ➔ Value-added tax (VAT). ➔ Income tax on profits from the sale. ➔ Stamp duty and registration fees for property transfers.
TRW Law Firm provides comprehensive support to navigate these legal and tax complexities.
Challenges in Selling a Factory in Bangladesh
Selling a factory can be challenging due to: ➔ Lengthy processes: Regulatory approvals and buyer due diligence can take months. ➔ Market uncertainties: Economic fluctuations can affect demand and pricing. ➔ Legal disputes: Ownership disputes or non-compliance with regulations can delay or halt sales.
Proactive planning and professional advice can mitigate these challenges.
Conclusion
Selling a factory in Bangladesh is a multifaceted process that requires careful planning, market knowledge, and adherence to legal frameworks. From organizing financial records to closing the deal, each step demands attention to detail and expert guidance.
TRW Law Firm specializes in providing end-to-end legal support for business transactions, ensuring a seamless experience for factory owners. By partnering with us, you can navigate the complexities of the sale process with confidence and achieve the best possible outcome.
Table: Key Steps and Legal Considerations in Selling a Factory in Bangladesh
Step
Details
Organize Financial Records
Update balance sheets, tax filings, and compliance documents.
Value the Factory
Assess tangible and intangible assets; hire professional appraisers.
Prepare the Factory
Repair equipment, clean premises, and ensure compliance with safety standards.
Assemble a Professional Team
Engage legal, financial, and real estate experts for guidance.
Develop a Sale Strategy
Decide between selling the business as a whole or individual assets.
Identify Potential Buyers
Network with local and international buyers via trade associations and online platforms.
Negotiate the Deal
Discuss price, payment terms, and sale conditions with buyers.
Buyer’s Due Diligence
Provide transparent documentation on legal, financial, and operational aspects.
Close the Sale
Draft contracts, pay taxes, and register ownership transfers with relevant authorities.
By following this guide and leveraging the expertise of TRW Law Firm, you can successfully navigate the sale of your factory and secure the best deal for your business.
Admiralty Court Act in Bangladesh: TRW law firm in Bangladesh
The Admiralty Court Act of 2000 is the primary legislation that authorizes the court to hear cases concerning admiralty matters, which are primarily concerned with the possession of ships and matters related to them.
The jurisdiction of the admiralty court is addressed in Section 03 of the Admiralty Court Act, 2000. The High Court Division (HCD) of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh is authorized to hear and resolve any inquiries or claims concerning admiralty under sub-section 01 of section-03. The HCD will approve the issues related to under sub-section 02 of section-03.
Claim ownership of the vessel.
Make a claim to the ship’s proprietorship.
Disagreements that arise from the ship’s employment, possession, or income.
Conflicts concerning the ship’s co-ownership.
Access to the sea and other maritime territories of other countries.
The damage to the ships and the damage caused by the damaged ships.
Claim for any personal injury or loss of life that is directly or indirectly associated with the ship.
Submit a claim for the products that have been lost or damaged.
Claims concerning the seizure or disqualification for the use of any ship or commodities carried or attempted to be carried by any ship, as well as claims for the return of seized ship or cargo, are all subject to the rights of admiralty.
Cases concerning the Admiralty jurisdiction under Section-03:
Global Traders vs. MV Guijang VI & others (2005) 57 DLR 89
If the products in question are not lost or damaged and are visible in the evidence, no maritime liability is incurred.
Giasuddin (Md) v. MV Forum Power and Others (2001) 53 DLR (AD) 19
The supply of goods and services to a ship in distress that is anchored at any port in Bangladesh does not require prior permission from the Customs Officer. This is not prohibited by law, and the HCD’s argument that the customs officer’s permission is required is unjustified.
Marine Oil Broking Pte Ltd vs MV Daizu Maru and others (2003) 55 DLR 477
The court would contemplate action in rem against the ship and its owner under a time charter. However, if the time limit has elapsed and the claimant has not been diligent in safeguarding his own rights, this relief cannot be claimed.
Settlement Amount Calculation:
The HCD is authorized to satisfy the amount by selling the ship or the goods in question under sub-section 03 of section-02, and the amount is as follows:-
The remaining balance The balance that remains unresolved between the parties involved in the lawsuit. Legal precedent:
Bengal Liner Ltd. and others v. Sonali Bank, (2005)10 MLR 209
The application for the realization of decretal money is quite maintainable, so the decree-holder is not required to register an execution case.
A money decree issued by the Admiralty Court can be satisfied by the sale of both immovable and movable property.
The Admiralty Court’s execution proceedings are not subject to Order XXI of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. The Admiralty Court Proceedings are subject to Rule 35 of the Admiralty Court Rules of 1912. The Admiralty Court Proceedings are not subject to Part IX and Part XLIX of The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, following the repeal of Letters Patent by The Law Reforms Ordinance of 1978.
Modes of Exercise in Admiralty Court:
Section 04 pertains to the cases in personam that the HCD will consider. The High Court Division’s admiralty jurisdiction as an admiralty court shall be exercised through an action in rem against the ship or property in question under this section. The HCD will exercise its authority by taking action in rem against the ship, aircraft, or property in question in the event of a maritime lien or other charge. Filing a lawsuit through a complaint:
According to the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908), a case shall be filed in the admiralty jurisdiction of the High Court Division –
by a written, signed and attested application, in the case of urgent cases, the ship or the defendant shall be described in the application as the “owner or party in interest” in lieu of the asset being sued against. Case law:
Doon Valley Rice Limited vs. M.V. YUE YANG, [16 BLD (HCD) 469]
The cargo in question has been allegedly delivered to a person who is not entitled to it under the bill of lading and as such, it is a case of total non-delivery of goods.
“Damages done to the goods” as appearing in section 6 of the Admiralty Court Act, 1861 is to be constructive damages. It is thus evident that it shall apply to the non-delivery or short-delivery of goods as in the present case.
The instant the suit readily comes within the ambit of the Admiralty Court Act, 1861 and consequently, it is maintainable.
National Steel Industries Limited vs M.V. Ritz and others, [19 BLD (HCD) 240]
The High Court of Admiralty shall have jurisdiction over any claim by the owner, or consignee, or assignee of any bill of lading of any goods carried into any port in England or Wales in any ship, for damage done to the goods o any part thereof by the negligence or misconduct of or for any breach of duty or breach of duty or breach of contract on the part of the owner, master, or crew of the ship, unless it is shown to the satisfaction of the Court that at the time of the institution of the cause, any owner or part owner of the ship is domiciled in England or Wales: Provided always, that if in any such case, the plaintiff does not recover Twenty Pounds, he shall not be entitled to any costs, charges or expenses incurred by him therein, unless the judge shall clarify the cause was a fit one to be tried in the said court.
It appears that in order to attract section 06 of the Admiralty Court Act, 1861 “goods have to be carried into any port of “England or Wales” and as far we are concerned for the words, “England or Wales” obviously we are to read “Bangladesh”.
In the instant case, the cargo in question had never been brought to any port in Bangladesh by the defendant no. 1 vessel. Unless the goods in question are carried into any port of Bangladesh, section 6 of the Admiralty Court Act, 1861 cannot be made applicable and as such the plaint is liable to be returned.
The exception to filing cases related to action in personam:
the defendant has a residence or place of business in Bangladesh. Cause of action inside the territorial waters of Bangladesh. Pending the suit for hearing before the court.
NEED ANY LEGAL HELP?
Tahmidur Remura Wahid (TRW) offers services on admiralty-related matters. However, if you need any legal help or clarification about admiralty-related matters, please reach us at:
বাংলাদেশের সমাজব্যবস্থায় নারী নির্যাতনের ঘটনা একটি দুঃখজনক বাস্তবতা। এ সমস্যার সমাধান করতে আইন প্রয়োগের পাশাপাশি সচেতনতা বাড়ানো অত্যন্ত জরুরি। TRW Law Firm এই বিষয়টিকে অত্যন্ত গুরুত্ব সহকারে বিবেচনা করে এবং ভুক্তভোগীদের আইনি সহায়তা প্রদানে প্রতিশ্রুতিবদ্ধ।
এই নিবন্ধে নারী ও শিশু নির্যাতন দমন আইন, ২০০০ (সংশোধিত ২০১৩) অনুসারে মামলা দায়েরের নিয়মাবলি, বিচার প্রক্রিয়া, এবং অপরাধীদের জন্য প্রযোজ্য শাস্তি সম্পর্কে বিস্তারিত আলোচনা করা হলো।
নারী ও শিশু নির্যাতনের অন্তর্ভুক্ত অপরাধসমূহ
নারী ও শিশু নির্যাতন দমন আইন অনুযায়ী যে সকল অপরাধ এর আওতাভুক্ত, সেগুলো হলো: ➤ দহনকারী বা ক্ষয়কারী উপাদান দিয়ে আঘাত ➤ নারী ও শিশু পাচার ➤ অপহরণ বা মুক্তিপণ আদায় ➤ ধর্ষণ এবং ধর্ষণের কারণে মৃত্যু ➤ নারীর আত্মহত্যায় প্ররোচনা ➤ যৌতুকের কারণে মৃত্যু ঘটানো ➤ যৌন নিপীড়ন ➤ ভিক্ষাবৃত্তি বা অন্যান্য উদ্দেশ্যে শিশুদের অঙ্গহানি ➤ ধর্ষণের ফলে জন্ম নেওয়া শিশুর অধিকার লঙ্ঘন
অপরাধের শিকার হলে করণীয়
নারী নির্যাতনের শিকার হলে দুইটি উপায় রয়েছে:
থানায় মামলা দায়ের
আদালতে মামলা দায়ের বা নারী ও শিশু নির্যাতন দমন ট্রাইব্যুনালে মামলা দায়ের
থানায় মামলা দায়েরের নিয়মাবলি
➤ ভুক্তভোগী বা তাঁর পক্ষ থেকে কেউ নিকটস্থ থানায় ঘটনাটি জানাবেন। ➤ থানার ভারপ্রাপ্ত কর্মকর্তা (ওসি) অভিযোগটি এজাহার হিসেবে গ্রহণ করবেন এবং প্রাথমিক তথ্য বিবরণী ফরমে লিপিবদ্ধ করবেন। ➤ মামলাটি সংশ্লিষ্ট ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট আদালতে প্রেরণ করা হবে। ➤ ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট মামলাটি গ্রহণ করলে নির্ধারিত তারিখে অভিযুক্তদের আদালতে উপস্থিত হতে নির্দেশ দেবেন। ➤ তদন্ত শেষে চার্জশিট দাখিল করা হলে মামলাটি নারী ও শিশু নির্যাতন দমন ট্রাইব্যুনালে বিচারের জন্য পাঠানো হবে।
আদালতে মামলা করার নিয়ম
➤ থানার ওসি অভিযোগ গ্রহণে অস্বীকৃতি জানালে সরাসরি ট্রাইব্যুনালে মামলা দায়ের করা যায়। ➤ এক্ষেত্রে একজন আইনজীবীর মাধ্যমে যথাযথ হলফনামা ও প্রমাণাদিসহ মামলা দাখিল করতে হবে। ➤ বিচারক জবানবন্দি গ্রহণ করে মামলা গ্রহণ করবেন বা তদন্তের নির্দেশ দেবেন।
ধর্ষণ বা শারীরিক নির্যাতনের শিকার হলে করণীয়
ধর্ষণের পরবর্তী জরুরি পদক্ষেপ:
আত্মীয় বা বন্ধুদের সাথে যোগাযোগ করুন এবং সহায়তা নিন।
গোসল, খাওয়া বা বাথরুম ব্যবহার না করে দ্রুত ডাক্তারের কাছে যান।
প্রয়োজনীয় প্রমাণ সংরক্ষণ করুন (যেমন: পরিধেয় কাপড়, ছবি)।
নিজের নিরাপত্তা নিশ্চিত করুন এবং মানসিকভাবে নিজেকে প্রস্তুত রাখুন।
নিকটস্থ থানায় অভিযোগ দায়ের করুন।
বিচার প্রক্রিয়া
ট্রাইব্যুনালে বিচার প্রক্রিয়া
➤ প্রতিটি জেলায় অন্তত একটি করে নারী ও শিশু নির্যাতন দমন ট্রাইব্যুনাল রয়েছে। ➤ বিচারক প্রয়োজন অনুসারে রুদ্ধদ্বার কক্ষে বিচার পরিচালনা করতে পারেন। ➤ মামলার সাক্ষী ও প্রমাণের ভিত্তিতে বিচার প্রক্রিয়া পরিচালিত হয়।
বিচার প্রক্রিয়ার সময়সীমা
➤ মামলাটি ১৮০ দিনের মধ্যে নিষ্পত্তি করতে হবে। ➤ সময়মতো নিষ্পত্তি না হলে ট্রাইব্যুনাল সুপ্রিম কোর্ট এবং সরকারের কাছে প্রতিবেদন জমা দেবে।
নিরাপত্তামূলক হেফাজত
ট্রাইব্যুনাল নির্যাতিত নারী বা শিশুর সুরক্ষার জন্য তাঁদের নিরাপদ হেফাজতে রাখার নির্দেশ দিতে পারেন। এটি নিশ্চিত করে যে ভুক্তভোগী পুনরায় আঘাতপ্রাপ্ত না হন এবং মানসিকভাবে নিরাপদ থাকেন।
তদন্ত প্রক্রিয়া
➤ তদন্ত কর্মকর্তাকে ১৫ দিনের মধ্যে তদন্ত শেষ করতে হবে। ➤ সময়মতো তদন্ত শেষ না হলে ট্রাইব্যুনালকে অবহিত করতে হবে। ➤ ট্রাইব্যুনাল অন্য কর্মকর্তাকে তদন্ত দায়িত্ব দিতে পারেন।
আগাম জামিনের বিধান
➤ হাইকোর্টে আগাম জামিনের জন্য আবেদন করা যায় না। ➤ সাধারণত ট্রাইব্যুনাল মামলার প্রেক্ষিতে জামিনের বিষয়টি নির্ধারণ করেন।
শাস্তির বিধান
➤ অপরাধ প্রমাণিত হলে যাবজ্জীবন কারাদণ্ড বা মৃত্যুদণ্ড হতে পারে। ➤ অর্থদণ্ডও আরোপ করা যেতে পারে।
TRW Law Firm-এর ভূমিকা
TRW Law Firm নারী নির্যাতন মামলার ক্ষেত্রে অত্যন্ত পেশাদার এবং মানবিক দৃষ্টিকোণ থেকে আইনি সহায়তা প্রদান করে। আমাদের আইনি বিশেষজ্ঞ দল ভুক্তভোগীদের ন্যায়বিচার নিশ্চিত করার জন্য সবধরনের আইনি সহায়তা প্রদানে প্রস্তুত।
তথ্যসংবলিত টেবিল
বিষয়
তথ্য
অন্তর্ভুক্ত অপরাধ
ধর্ষণ, নারী পাচার, অপহরণ, যৌতুকজনিত মৃত্যু, ইত্যাদি
মামলার উপায়
থানায় বা ট্রাইব্যুনালে মামলা দায়ের
তদন্তের সময়সীমা
১৫-৩০ দিন
বিচার প্রক্রিয়া সময়সীমা
১৮০ দিন
সম্ভাব্য শাস্তি
যাবজ্জীবন কারাদণ্ড, মৃত্যুদণ্ড, অর্থদণ্ড
নিরাপত্তামূলক হেফাজত
ভুক্তভোগীর নিরাপত্তা নিশ্চিতকরণ
TRW Law Firm-এর সহায়তা
পেশাদার ও মানবিক আইনি সহায়তা প্রদান
TRW Law Firm নারীর প্রতি নির্যাতনের প্রতিটি ঘটনার বিরুদ্ধে ন্যায়বিচার প্রতিষ্ঠায় প্রতিশ্রুতিবদ্ধ। আপনার যদি এ বিষয়ে আইনি সহায়তা প্রয়োজন হয়, আমাদের সাথে যোগাযোগ করুন।
